Velocity versus depth from sonobuoy data
 | |
| Series | Geophysical References Series |
|---|---|
| Title | Problems in Exploration Seismology and their Solutions |
| Author | Lloyd P. Geldart and Robert E. Sheriff |
| Chapter | 5 |
| Pages | 141 - 180 |
| DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.9781560801733 |
| ISBN | ISBN 9781560801153 |
| Store | SEG Online Store |
Problem 5.19
Determine velocity versus depth from Figure 5.19a assuming horizontal refractors. The direct wave that travels through the water (assume Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): V_{W} =1500\ {\rm m/s} ) can be used to give source-receiver distances.
Background
A sonobuoy is a free-floating device that radios the outputs of hydrophones to a recording ship. The ship fires its sources as it sails away from the sonobuoy to achieve a refraction profile.
Solution
Figure 5.19b shows the picked events Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): A , Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): B , Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): C , and the waterbreak. This is an old profile where navigation was not as accurate as today. The direct-arrival waterbreak forms a distinct first arrival out to about SP 120 and an alignment with about the same slope can be seen from about SP 140 to SP 190, but it does not quite align with the water break seen at shorter offsets. The disagreement may merely indicate that the recording ship speed varied (note slight slope changes in the waterbreak alignment) and/or the sonobuoy drifted during the recording. We determine 48.5 m/SP or 11.8 km for the maximum offset. The first trace is 400 m from the sonobuoy.
Three distinct refraction (headwave) events can be seen: event Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): A , which gives the first breaks beyond SP 150; Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): B , which gives the first breaks between SP 120 and 150, and Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): C , which has a projected arrival time at SP 240 of about 6.4 s. When Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): B is a first break, its velocity is about 2.5 km/s but when it is a second arrival (problem 6.12), its velocity is about 2.9 km/s (the difference may be due to change of dip); we take its velocity as 2.7 km/s. Thus apparent velocities and intercept times for these events are about 5300, 2700, and 2400 m/s and 2.8, 1.7, and 1.4 s, respectively. Bearing in mind the distance uncertainties and timing errors (since first cycles are not clear enough for timing), we get crude answers only.
We get the depth of water by estimating Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): t_{o} for the sea-floor reflection; since Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): t_{o} \approx 1.45\ {\rm s} , the water depth is about Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): 1.5\times 1.5/2\approx 1.1 km.
Next we calculate depths to the refracting horizons using equation (4.18a) for Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): C , equation (4.18d) for Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): B and Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): A . The shallowest refractor Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): C is probably the top of the first consolidated rock, the material above it being unconsolidated sediments. We assume that the velocity in the sediments is close to that of water, so we get the depth to Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): C as follows:
Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): \begin{align} \sin \theta_{c1} = (1.5/2.4)\; ,\; \theta _{c1} =39^{\circ} \; ,\ \cos \theta _{c1} =0.78,\\ h_{C} =1.5\times 1.4/2\times 0.78=1.3\ {\rm km}. \end{align}
We get the distance between Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): B and Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): C using the intercept time difference:
Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): \begin{align} \sin \theta_{c2} = (2.4/2.7), \ \theta _{c2} =63^{0}, \ \cos \theta _{c2} =0.45 , \ t_{i} =1.7-1.4=0.3\ {\rm s},\\ \Delta h=2.4\times 0.3/2\times 0.45=0.8\ {\rm km}, \end{align}
so the depth to Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): B is Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): 1.3+0.8=2.1\ {\rm km} .
For event Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): A , we get
Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): \begin{align} \sin \theta_{c3} =2.7/5.3\; ,\; \theta _{c3} =31^{\circ} \; \cos \theta _{c3} =0.86. \end{align}
To get the distance from $ B $ to Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): A ,
Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): \begin{align} t_{i} =2.8-1.7=1.1\ {\rm s},\; \Delta h=2.7\times 1.1/2\times 0.86=1.7\ {\rm km}, \end{align}
depth to Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): A = depth to Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): B+1.7=3.8\ {\rm km} .
The first reflection (from the sea floor) occurs at 1.45 s and a multiple of the seafloor reflection arrives at about 2.9 s; events below this multiple are so confused that interpretation cannot be done.
Continue reading
| Previous section | Next section |
|---|---|
| Estimating lithology from stacking velocity | Influence of direction on velocity analyses |
| Previous chapter | Next chapter |
| Geometry of seismic waves | Characteristics of seismic events |
Also in this chapter
- Maximum porosity versus depth
- Relation between lithology and seismic velocities
- Porosities, velocities, and densities of rocks
- Velocities in limestone and sandstone
- Dependence of velocity-depth curves on geology
- Effect of burial history on velocity
- Determining lithology from well-velocity surveys
- Reflectivity versus water saturation
- Effect of overpressure
- Effects of weathered layer (LVL) and permafrost
- Horizontal component of head waves
- Stacking velocity versus rms and average velocities
- Quick-look velocity analysis and effects of errors
- Well-velocity survey
- Interval velocities
- Finding velocity
- Effect of timing errors on stacking velocity, depth, and dip
- Estimating lithology from stacking velocity
- Velocity versus depth from sonobuoy data
- Influence of direction on velocity analyses
- Effect of time picks, NMO stretch, and datum choice on stacking velocity
External links
| find literature about Velocity versus depth from sonobuoy data |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|