Problem 3.12a
The values in Table 3.12a illustrate the differences that the interstitial fluid can produce. Calculate the reflectivity for shale-brine sand and shale/gas sand interfaces at incident angles of
,
,
,
, and
.
Background
It is difficult to tell from the Zoeppritz equations how the variation of amplitude with angle of incidence is affected by changes in the various parameters involved. Shuey (1985) simplified the equations by assuming that the changes in physical properties at an interface are small, so that the raypath bending is small, resulting in Shuey’s equation:
Table 3.12a. Values for AVA/AVO calculations.
Medium
|
(m/s)
|
(m/s)
|
(g/cm )
|
|
Shale
|
2742
|
1394
|
2.062
|
1.967
|
Brine sand
|
2833
|
1470
|
2.078
|
1.927
|
Gas sand
|
2371
|
1473
|
2.044
|
1.610
|
|
|
(3.12a)
|
where
|
|
(3.12b)
|
|
|
(3.12c)
|
and
is Poisson’s ratio.
Hilterman (1989) introduced additional approximations resulting in
|
|
(3.12d)
|
Solution
Note that 4 significant figures are required to illustrate the effect. We first calculate
for the three beds using equation (10,2) in Table 2.2a:
We take the following average values and increments :
,
,
,
Using these values for the Shuey equation for the shale/brine-sand interface, equations (3.12a,b,c) give
At the shale-gas sand interface, averages and increments are
,
,
,
,
,
Substituting
,
in equation (3.12d), we get for the Hilterman equation (3.12d) for the shale/brine-interface,
Table 3.12b. Comparison of predictions by Shuey and Hilterman equations.
|
|
|
|
|
|
For shale/brine sand
|
|
|
|
|
|
Shuey equation
|
0.0202
|
0.0182
|
0.0128
|
0.0052
|
–0.0022
|
Hilterman equation
|
0.0202
|
0.0189
|
0.0152
|
0.0095
|
0.0026
|
For the shale/gas sand
|
|
|
|
|
|
Shuey equation
|
–0.0765
|
–0.0881
|
–0.1221
|
–0.1782
|
–0.2558
|
Hilterman equation
|
–0.0765
|
–0.0837
|
–0.1044
|
–0.1361
|
–0.1750
|
Figure 3.12a. Reflectivity versus angle; solid line, Shuey equation; dashed, Hilterman equation.
The Hilterman equation (3.12d) for the shale/gas-sand interface is
Table 3.12b compares the values given by the Shuey and Hilterman equations and the results are graphed in Figure 3.12a.
The two equations give essentially the same results for angles up to
. The increase of amplitude with angle (offset) is larger with the Shuey equation. An additional term that becomes important at large angles is sometimes added to these equations.
Continue reading
Also in this chapter
External links
find literature about Variation of reflectivity with angle (AVA)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|