Linear increase in velocity above a refractor

Problems in Exploration Seismology and their Solutions

Series	Geophysical References Series
Title	Problems in Exploration Seismology and their Solutions
Author	Lloyd P. Geldart and Robert E. Sheriff
Chapter	4
Pages	79 - 140
DOI	http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.9781560801733
ISBN	ISBN 9781560801153
Store	SEG Online Store

Problem 4.21

If the velocity function in problem 4.17c applies above a horizontal refractor at a depth of 2.40 km where the refractor velocity is 4.25 km/s, (see Figure 4.21a), plot the traveltime-distance curve.

Background

In Figure 4.18a, the refraction event does not exist to the left of point $Q$, where $OQ$ is the critical distance (see problem 4.18).

Solution

For a headwave to be generated, the angle of incidence $i$ must reach the critical angle $\theta _{c}$. At the depth $z=2.40$ km, the velocity just above the refractor is $1.60+0.600\times 2.40=3.04$ km/s, so the critical angle is

${\begin{aligned}\theta _{c}=i_{c}=\sin ^{-1}(3.04/4.25)=45.7^{\circ }.\end{aligned}}$

Figure 4.21a.  Linear increase in velocity above a refractor.

To get $i_{0}$, we have

${\begin{aligned}p=\sin i_{0}/1.60=\sin i_{c}/3.04=1/4.25=0.235.\end{aligned}}$

Thus

${\begin{aligned}i_{0}=\sin ^{-1}(1.60\times 0.235)=22.1^{\circ }.\end{aligned}}$

To get the critical distance $x^{\prime }$, we note that $x^{\prime }$ ($OQ$ in Figure 4.18a) is equivalent to $MN+PQ=2MN=2x$ when $i=i_{c}$. Using equation (4.17b), we have

${\begin{aligned}MN&=(1/pa)(\cos i_{0}-\cos i_{c})=(1/0.235\times 0.600)(0.926-0.698)\\&=1.62\,\mathrm {km} .\end{aligned}}$

Figure 4.21b.  Time-distance plot.

The time required to travel the path $SN$ is, using equation (4.17c),

${\begin{aligned}t=(1/a)\ln \left({\frac {\tan i_{c}/2}{\tan i_{0}/2}}\right)=(1/0.600)\ln \left({\frac {\tan(45.7^{\circ }/2)}{\tan(22.1^{\circ }/2)}}\right)=1.28\,\mathrm {s} .\end{aligned}}$

Thus, the coordinates of the refraction traveltime curve at the critical distance are 2.56 s, 3.24 km). The refraction curve beginning at this point has the slope $(1/4.25)=0.235$ s/km. The curve (plotted in Figure 4.21b) has the equation

${\begin{aligned}t=x/4.25+t_{i}.\end{aligned}}$

The intercept $t_{i}$ can be found graphically by extending the refraction curve or by calculating $t$ for $x=0$:

${\begin{aligned}t_{i}=2.56-3.24/4.25=1.80\,\mathrm {s} .\end{aligned}}$

The direct wave’s traveltime curve is $t=x/1.60$. However, a diving wave with ($t,x$) related by equation (4.20a) arrives before this wave. Inverting equation (4.20a) gives

${\begin{aligned}t&=(2/a)\sinh ^{-1}(ax/2V_{0})=(2/0.600)\sinh ^{-1}(0.600x/2\times 1.60)\\&=3.33\sinh ^{-1}(0.188x).\end{aligned}}$

This equation has been used to plot the direct wave in Figure 4.21b. The crossover point is at approximately 5.9 km. However, the refraction and the direct wave do not differ appreciably in slope and hence picking the crossover point is not very accurate.

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Table of Contents (book)

Also in this chapter

• Accuracy of normal-moveout calculations
• Dip, cross-dip, and angle of approach
• Relationship for a dipping bed
• Reflector dip in terms of traveltimes squared
• Second approximation for dip moveout
• Calculation of reflector depths and dips
• Plotting raypaths for primary and multiple reflections
• Effect of migration on plotted reflector locations
• Resolution of cross-dip
• Cross-dip
• Variation of reflection point with offset
• Functional fits for velocity-depth data
• Relation between average and rms velocities
• Vertical depth calculations using velocity functions
• Depth and dip calculations using velocity functions
• Weathering corrections and dip/depth calculations
• Using a velocity function linear with depth
• Head waves (refractions) and effect of hidden layer
• Interpretation of sonobuoy data
• Diving waves
• Linear increase in velocity above a refractor
• Time-distance curves for various situations
• Locating the bottom of a borehole
• Two-layer refraction problem

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