James Gaiser

James Gaiser

BSc	Geology
MSc	Geophysics
PhD	Geophysics
BSc university	Indiana University
MSc university	University of Utah
PhD university	University of Texas at Dallas

James (Jim) Gaiser received an MS (1977) in geophysics from the University of Utah and PhD (1989) in geophysics from the University of Texas at Dallas. In 1977 he joined ARCO in the geophysical analysis and processing group before moving to research and development in 1981, where he worked on vertical seismic profiling, elastic wave imaging, and seismic anisotropy. He worked with Western Geophysical/Schlumberger from 1992 to 2007 conducting research in coherent-noise suppression, depth migration and multicomponent processing, and with ION Geophysical – GXT Imaging Solutions from 2007 to 2009 where he worked on interferometry, and 3D converted wave imaging. After several years as senior scientist with Geokinetics Inc., where his research activities were 3D imaging and velocity model building in anisotropic media, and converted waves, he joined CGG as R&D Manager of multicomponent research in 2013. He is currently Principal Research Advisor for Gaiser Geophysical Consulting.

Gaiser has authored numerous patents and articles, shared the award for SEG best presentation in 1981, received SEG Honorable Mention for his presentation in 1993, shared SEG Honorable Mention for his TLE article in 2003, and received the SEG Life Membership award in 2007. He served on the SEG Development and Production committee from 1993 to 1997 and was District 2 Representative for the SEG council from 1994 to 1997. He served as vice president of the Denver Geophysical Society (DGS) in 2004 and president in 2005. He is active with SPE/ EAGE/SEG organizing committees for workshops, and is currently a member of the SEG Research committee (2007 to present) and a lecturer for the SEG Continuing Education program. He is a member of AAPG, CSEG, DGS, EAGE, GSH, RAS, SEG, and SPE.

2016 SEG Distinguished Instructor Short Course

3C Seismic and VSP: Converted Waves and Vector Wavefield Applications

3C seismic applications provide enhanced rock property characterization of the reservoir that can complement P-wave methods. The continued interest in converted P- to S-waves (PS-waves) and vertical seismic profiles (VSPs) has resulted in the steady development of advanced vector wavefield techniques. Shear waves are coupled with P-waves, and although they do not respond to fluid properties of the medium they are nevertheless very sensitive to anisotropy and provide direct estimates of shear moduli (rigidities). When the full elastic response is recorded in a VSP survey, vertical components of the wavefield are obtained to calibrate surface 3C seismic data in depth. PS-wave images along with VSP data can be used to help P-wave interpretation of structure in gas obscured zones, of S-wave impedance and density characterization in unconventional reservoirs for lithology and elastic property discrimination, and of fracture characterization and stress monitoring from S-wave birefringence analysis. The course will give an overview of 3C seismic theory and practical application: from fundamentals of PS-waves and VSPs, through to acquisition and processing including interpretation techniques. The emphasis will be on unique aspects of vector wavefields, anisotropy, and the important relationships that unify S-waves and P-waves. Various applications and case studies will demonstrate image benefits from PS-waves, elastic properties from joint inversion of amplitude variations with offset/angle (AVO/A), and VSP seismic methods for improved reservoir characterization.

The following topics will be addressed in the course:

• Introduction: Definitions and wavefield properties of 3C seismic and VSP data are covered, including anisotropy, coordinate systems, vector wavefields, and S-wave applications. Challenges our industry has faced in the development of S-wave technology are reviewed to obtain a perspective of the current PS-wave emphasis.
• S-waves and VSP in the 20th century: An overview of the history and development of S-wave and VSP technology in the 20th century is discussed, including S-wave source development, the influence from P-wave AVO, and the emphasis on vertical transverse isotropy (VTI) and azimuthal anisotropy. Also, the early development of PS-wave and VSP technology is reviewed.
• Fundamentals: A tutorial of the elastodynamic theory of PS-wave generation is described, along with reflection and transmission coefficients, coordinate systems, and polarity standards. Conversion-point illumination, modeling and interpretation of 3C seismic and VSP, NMO velocity in anisotropic media, and the resolution of PS-waves are also reviewed.
• Acquisition: Basic source radiation patterns, free surface and seabed responses to P- and S-wave arrivals are described as well as source, receiver, and VSP systems. Various 3C acquisition configurations are examined in terms of PS-wave illumination, minimal datasets, and common-offset vector (COV) gathers, including VSP geometries.
• Processing and Analysis: Unique 3C processing steps such as rotation, S-wave statics and splitting analyses are emphasized in addition to noise attenuation, vector infidelity corrections, elastic-wavefield decomposition, common conversion-point gathering, and VP/VS analyses. Essentials of VSP wavefield separation, anisotropic velocity analyses, and conventional processing are described along with interferometry application.
• Imaging and Inversion Applications: Applications of PS-wave seismic demonstrating anisotropic imaging, velocity model building, and tomography are presented in addition to case studies imaging through gas, and imaging with VSP. Also, various inversion applications are presented: layer stripping for fracture/stress properties and joint AVO/A for rock properties, including unconventional reservoir, microseismic imaging, and time-lapse applications. Current research directions of 3C seismic and VSP include investigations using reverse-time migration, AVAz and full-waveform inversion, near surface velocity model building, distributed acoustic sensing, and rotational sensors. Business model considerations are discussed along with improving the economic viability of 3C seismic and VSP to increase productivity, and to reduce processing costs and turnaround times.

Course Goals

Students will obtain an understanding of theoretical and practical aspects of 3C seismic and VSP, including how to use PS-wave and vector wavefield data to improve rock property applications, as well as:

• Basics of PS-wave registration, velocities and birefringence (S-wave splitting).
• Elastodynamic processes that generate converted waves and how they relate to elastic rock properties
• Issues of PS-wave asymmetry and illumination, and how 3C surface and VSP wavefields are related
• Unique characteristics of PS-wave processing: time registration with P-waves, S-wave splitting, VP/VS analyses, velocities, and conversion-point gathering.
• Identifying and accounting for potential vector infidelity effects
• Interpretation of converted-wave and VSP wavefields
• Applications of 3C seismic and VSP data for migration and elastic impedance inversion, imaging through gas, fracture/stress characterization, and time-lapse.

Additional Resources

The accompanying textbook is available for purchase.

Listen to Jim discuss his lecture in James Gaiser, 2016 DISC lecturer, Episode 3 of Seismic Soundoff, in-depth conversations in applied geophysics.

SEG Life Membership 2007

Gaiser was awarded with Life Membership in recognition of exceptional service that he has rendered to the Society in 2007. He has an impressive record of scientific achievement and contributions to the field of exploration geophysics, especially in multicomponent and converted-wave seismics. His achievements are represented by an impressive list of patents and scholarly publications.

He has generously shared his know-how as an active member of the SEG Research Committee. He has served, organized, and/or convened research workshops in several different years. Gaiser has been an instructor in the SEG Continuing Education Program since 1998. He has served on the Council and as vice president, president, and past-president of the Denver Geophysical Society.

Biography Citation for SEG Life Membership 2007

Contributed by Robert Stewart

As an impressionable student, working with ARCO Research in Dallas in the 1980s, I was most impressed with a wonderful new colleague Jim Gaiser. Jim's life was exceptional. He was raising two boys with his wife Kathy (a former ballerina and remarkable person in her own right), swimming each morning, working full time as a geophysicist, doing his Ph.D. part-time, and playing bluegrass music in the evening! Wow, I thought, how accomplished. He mustn't have very much time to eat. But, sure enough, he later even pioneered a new nutritional method of carbohydrate balance called the 'Zone.' I discovered that the Zone was really a dietary metaphor for the healthy harmony across Jim's active life.

Jim has maintained long-term commitments in both his professional and personal life. He worked 14 years with ARCO Oil and Gas (and its predecessors) in Plano, Texas, and then 14 years at Western Geophysical and its later incarnations (Jim seems to last longer than the company names do). He has recently joined GX Technology in Denver, Colorado, and we would expect to see him there for a number of productive years.

Along this geophysical path, Jim has collaborated with many of our industry leaders Fred Barr, Mike Batzle, John Castagna, Dennis Corrigan, Jim DiSiena, Dan Ebrom, Heloise Lynn, George McMechan, Tony Probert, Ken Tubman, and Rich Van Dok to name a few. His efforts with these colleagues and numerous joint projects makes me sure that from elementary school onward he's "received works well with others" on his report card. And while I've never seen him run with scissors, we have shared some dicey turns on motorcycles through the Swiss Alps and mountainous terrains of Brazil.

Jim has been a champion of converted-wave seismic exploration. In the land and marine worlds, he has untied many of the complicated knots in multicomponent seismic recordings to 'straighten out' our understanding of vector motions. He has wrestled tenaciously with anisotropy and its resultant S-wave birefringence to help make it a useful property in describing fractured reservoir environments.

He has developed seismic processing flows and applied them to real cases from the Emilio Field in Italy through Ekofisk in the North Sea to Pinedale, Wyoming. It's sometimes said that a successful study will raise more questions than it solves. But, isn't this a little unsatisfying?

However, if we regard knowledge as contained in a sphere, while the unknown is outside the sphere and questions are the sphere's surface, then as knowledge expands, so do the questions. Fortunately, the sphere's volume expands faster than its surface, so we are making progress!

Jim has certainly enlarged our geophysical sphere. At a university, faculty are evaluated under broad terms relating to their contributions which can include teaching, graduate supervision, and research output. Jim has been an invaluable industry professional, handling a full load of programming and paid projects, but would fare very well under an academic review too. He has taught widely with SEG and Schlumberger's NeXT educational organization, supervised graduate students as summer interns, served the Denver Geophysical Society as president, undertaken responsibilities as a board member of university consortia, conducted leading research in borehole seismology and converted-wave analysis, and been exceptionally productive with many papers, presentations, abstracts, and patents.

Jim's legacy and devotion are well represented in many geophysical forms, but also in his cherished sons Benjamin and Jonathon who are working in computer science and graphics in California (he and Kathy make frequent visits). SEG's Life Membership Award to Jim honors his dedication to our science and Society. Jim Gaiser is, from turning-wave tomography to tight-turning snow boarding, truly in the Zone.

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