Inverse filter to remove ghosting and recursive filtering

Problems in Exploration Seismology and their Solutions

Series	Geophysical References Series
Title	Problems in Exploration Seismology and their Solutions
Author	Lloyd P. Geldart and Robert E. Sheriff
Chapter	9
Pages	295 - 366
DOI	http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.9781560801733
ISBN	ISBN 9781560801153
Store	SEG Online Store

Problem 9.19a

A source is located 8 m below the base of the LVL. Given that the velocity below the LVL is $V_{H}=2000$ m/s, that $V_{W}=300$ m/s in the LVL, the densities are $\rho _{H}=2.3\ {\hbox{g/cm}}^{3}$, $\rho _{W}=1.8g/{\hbox{cm}}^{3}$, the sampling interval $\Delta =4$ ms, and that the reflected signal is $[6,\;-7,\;-2.8,\;5.6,\;-1.6]$, find the original wavelet using the inverse filter $1/(1+Rz^{n})$ [see the discussion of equation (9.17a)]

Background

The LVL is discussed in problem 4.16, inverse filters in problem 9.7, ghosting as a filter in problem 9.17.

Following the discussion in problem 9.17, we write

${\begin{aligned}H(z)=G(z)(1+Rz^{n})=G(z)F(z),\end{aligned}}$

where $G(z)$ is the original (unghosted) signal, $H(z)$ is the ghosted signal, the filter $F(z)$ is $(1+Rz^{n})$ where $R$ is the reflection coefficient at the base of the LVL, and $z^{n}$ accounts for the delay of the ghost relative to $G(z)$.

The inverse filter $I(z)$ is

${\begin{aligned}I(z)=1/F(z)=(1+Rz^{n})^{-1}.\end{aligned}}$

(9.19a)

The original signal $G(z)$ is given by

${\begin{aligned}G(z)=H(z)/(1+Rz^{n}),\\G(z)(1+Rz^{n})=H(z),\\G(z)=H(z)-Rz^{n}G(z).\\\end{aligned}}$

In the time domain this becomes

${\begin{aligned}g_{t}=h_{t}-Rg_{t-n}.\end{aligned}}$

(9.19b)

This process is called recursive filtering or feedback filtering.

Solution

The reflection coefficient involved in ghosting at the base of the LVL by a wave approaching from below is given by equation (3.6a), the value being

${\begin{aligned}R={\frac {\rho _{W}V_{W}-\rho _{H}V_{H}}{\rho _{W}V_{W}+\rho _{H}V_{H}}}={\frac {1.8\times 0.3-2.3\times 2.0}{1.8\times 0.3+2.3\times 2.0}}=-0.79.\end{aligned}}$

The filter term is $(1+Rz^{n})$ which now becomes $(1-0.79z^{n})$. To get $n$, we have for the two-way traveltime from the source to the base of the LVL $2\times 8/2000=8$ ms $=2\Delta$ if $\Delta =4$ ms. Thus,

${\begin{aligned}F(z)=(1-0.79z^{2}),\end{aligned}}$

and the inverse filter of equation (9.19a) is

${\begin{aligned}I(z)=(1-0.79z^{2})^{-1}.\end{aligned}}$

Since $|0.79z^{2}|<1$, we can expand using equation (4.1b) and get

${\begin{aligned}I(z)&=1+(0.79z^{2})+(0.79z^{2})^{2}+(0.79z^{2})^{3}+\ldots \\&=1+0.79z^{2}+0.62z^{4}+0.39z^{6}+\ldots .\end{aligned}}$

Omitting inverse filter terms higher than $z^{4}$, we get

${\begin{aligned}G(z)=H(z)I(z)\\=(6-7z-2.8z^{2}+5.6z^{3}+1.6z^{4})(1+0.79z^{2}+0.62z^{4}).\end{aligned}}$

We get $G(z)$ by multiplication as follows

${\begin{aligned}6-7z-2.8z^{2}+5.6z^{3}-1.6z^{4}\\4.7z^{2}-5.5z^{3}-2.2z^{4}+4.4z^{5}-1.3z^{6}\\+3.7z^{4}-4.3z^{5}-1.7z^{6}+3.5z^{7}-1.0z^{8}\\G(z)=6-7z+1.9z^{2}+0.1z^{3}-0.1z^{4}+0.1z^{5}-3.0z^{6}+3.5z^{7}-1.0z^{8}.\end{aligned}}$

Assuming the original wavelet was $g_{t}=[6,\;-7,\;2]$, the third term is close but not exact, the next three terms are quite small, but the final three terms are sizable and will cause the highly undesirable result of creating the appearance of a fictitious event.

We can verify this answer by adding $g_{t}$ and $-0.79g_{t}$ as follows:

${\begin{aligned}6,\;-7,\;2.\\-4.7,5.5,-1.6\\g_{t}=6,-7,-2.7,5.5,-1.6.\\\end{aligned}}$

Problem 9.19b

Find the original wavelet by recursive filtering.

Solution

Equation (9.19b) gives

${\begin{aligned}g_{t}=h_{t}-Rg_{t-2}=h_{t}+0.79g_{t-2},\end{aligned}}$

that is, each element of $g_{t}$ is equal to the corresponding element of $h_{t}$ plus 0.79 times the element of $g_{t}$ that ocurred two time units earlier. Since $h_{t}=0$, $t<0$, equation (9.17a) shows that $g_{t}$ must also be causal, that is, $g_{t}=0$, $t<0$. Thus,

${\begin{aligned}g_{0}=h_{0}=6,\\g_{1}=h_{1}=7,\\g_{2}=h_{2}+0.79g_{0}=-2.8+4.7=1.9,\\g_{3}=h_{3}+0.79g_{1}=5.6-5.5=0,\;1,\\g_{4}=h_{4}+0.79g_{2}=-1.6+1.5=-0,\;1,\\{\mbox{so}}\qquad \qquad g_{t}\approx [6,\;-7,\;1.9,\;0.1,\;-0.1].\\\end{aligned}}$

This result seems to be better than that obtained in part (a) only because the calculation terminated at $g_{4}$. However, if we apply the rule to $g_{5}$ and subsequent elements, we would see a small tail added.

Continue reading

Previous section	Next section
Calculation of inverse filters	Ghosting as a notch filter
Previous chapter	Next chapter
Reflection field methods	Geologic interpretation of reflection data
Table of Contents (book)

Also in this chapter

• Fourier series
• Space-domain convolution and vibroseis acquisition
• Fourier transforms of the unit impulse and boxcar
• Extension of the sampling theorem
• Alias filters
• The convolutional model
• Water reverberation filter
• Calculating crosscorrelation and autocorrelation
• Digital calculations
• Semblance
• Convolution and correlation calculations
• Properties of minimum-phase wavelets
• Phase of composite wavelets
• Tuning and waveshape
• Making a wavelet minimum-phase
• Zero-phase filtering of a minimum-phase wavelet
• Deconvolution methods
• Calculation of inverse filters
• Inverse filter to remove ghosting and recursive filtering
• Ghosting as a notch filter
• Autocorrelation
• Wiener (least-squares) inverse filters
• Interpreting stacking velocity
• Effect of local high-velocity body
• Apparent-velocity filtering
• Complex-trace analysis
• Kirchhoff migration
• Using an upward-traveling coordinate system
• Finite-difference migration
• Effect of migration on fault interpretation
• Derivative and integral operators
• Effects of normal-moveout (NMO) removal
• Weighted least-squares

External links

find literature about Inverse filter to remove ghosting and recursive filtering