3-D migration velocity analysis
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| Series | Investigations in Geophysics |
|---|---|
| Author | Öz Yilmaz |
| DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.9781560801580 |
| ISBN | ISBN 978-1-56080-094-1 |
| Store | SEG Online Store |
Earlier in this section we learned that a workflow based on 3-D DMO correction combined with 3-D common-offset migration can include a step for estimating a 3-D rms velocity field from the migrated prestack data. Now, we shall develop an alternative workflow for 3-D migration velocity analysis based on a 3-D extension of the velocity-independent imaging technique by Fowler [1] described in migration velocity analysis.
- Start with 3-D prestack data P(x, y, h, t) in coordinates of inline x, offset 2h, crossline y, and event time t in the unmigrated position, and apply NMO correction, 3-D DMO correction followed by inverse NMO correction.
- Create a constant-velocity stack (CVS) volume P(x, y, t0; vDMO) using a constant velocity vDMO, where t0 is the zero-offset event time after 3-D DMO correction. Shown in Figure 7.4-35 is a CVS volume created by using a velocity of 2400 m/s. The prestack data are from the same survey as that of the data shown in Figure 7.4-33.
- Migrate the constant-velocity stack (CVS) volume P(x, y, t0; vDMO) to create a constant-velocity migration (CVM) volume P(x, y, τ; vmig), where τ is the event time after migration, using the constant velocity associated with the CVS volume itself and a 3-D constant-velocity Stolt algorithm (Section G.4). Shown in Figure 7.4-36 is the CVM volume associated with the CVS volume of Figure 7.4-35 with a velocity of 2400 m/s.
- Repeat steps (b) and (c) for a range of constant velocities. In the present example, a total of 50 CVS volumes and corresponding 50 CVM volumes were created using a velocity range of 1200-3650 m/s with an increment of 50 m/s.
- Extract the time slices from the CVM volumes for a specified time τj and combine them to form a velocity cube P(x, y, vmig; τj). Figure 7.4-37a shows such a velocity cube for a time of 2000 ms. Repeat for a set of N times τj, j = 1, 2, …, N. In the present example, a total of 26 velocity cubes were created for times from 600 to 3100 ms with an increment of 100 ms.
- For 3-D visualization and interpretation, form a super volume that is a composite of the 26 velocity cubes from step (e) placed one on top of the other (Figure 7.4-38).
- Based on the maximum-event-amplitude picking strategy described in migration velocity analysis, interpret each of the velocity cubes and create velocity strands associated with the constant times τj, j = 1, 2, …, N, along selected crossline (or inline) traverses (Figure 7.4-37b).
- Combine the velocity strands for a specific time τj and create an rms velocity map associated with that time. Repeat for all times τj, j = 1, 2, …, N, and obtain a set of rms velocity maps (Figure 7.4-39).
- Create a 3-D rms velocity field using the rms velocity maps from step (h). Figures 7.4-40 and 7.4-41 show selected inline and crossline sections from the rms velocity volume. Compare with the corresponding image sections from time migration shown in Figure 7.4-34, and note that the 3-D rms velocity field honors the structural characteristics of the subsurface. Specifically, the inline sections in Figure 7.4-40 manifest the basin boundary indicated by the change in color from green (the basin interior) to orange-red. The crossline sections in Figure 7.4-41 manifest the presence of young sediments with low velocities (the shallow purple zone) and older sediments with relatively higher velocities (the green) disrupted by an erosional channel between 1-2 s (the dark green).
Figure 7.4-33 Stacked sections along selected inline traverses of a 3-D survey data after crossline migration.
Figure 7.4-34 2-D prestack time migration of the stacked sections after crossline migration shown in Figure 7.4-33.
Figure 7.4-35 A constant-velocity-stack (CVS) volume created from the 3-D DMO-corrected prestack data associated with the same 3-D survey as of the data shown in Figure 7.4-33 using a velocity of 2400 m/s.
Figure 7.4-36 A constant-velocity-migration (CVM) volume created by migrating the constant-velocity-stack (CVS) volume shown in Figure 7.4-35 using a velocity of 2400 m/s.
Figure 7.4-37 (a) A velocity volume created by extracting the time slice at 2000 ms from each of the constant-velocity-migration (CVM) volumes as in Figure 7.4-36, (b) the velocity strands picked from the velocity volume in (a).
Figure 7.4-38 Part 1: The super volume created by brick-layering the velocity volumes as in Figure 7.4-37a associated with 26 time levels as listed.
Figure 7.4-38 Part 2: A close-up view of the super volume shown in Figure 7.4-38a.
Figure 7.4-39 Part 1: The rms velocity maps created by gridfitting the control points represented by the velocity strands as in Figure 7.4-37b for time levels as labeled.
Figure 7.4-39 Part 2: The rms velocity maps created by gridfitting the control points represented by the velocity strands as in Figure 7.4-37b for time levels as labeled.
Figure 7.4-39 Part 3: The rms velocity maps created by gridfitting the control points represented by the velocity strands as in Figure 7.4-37b for time levels as labeled.
Figure 7.4-39 Part 4: The rms velocity maps created by gridfitting the control points represented by the velocity strands as in Figure 7.4-37b for time levels as labeled.
Figure 7.4-40 Part 1: Selected inline sections from the rms velocity volume created from the maps shown in Figure 7.4-39.
Figure 7.4-40 Part 2: Selected inline sections from the rms velocity volume created from the maps shown in Figure 7.4-39.
Figure 7.4-40 Part 3: Selected inline sections from the rms velocity volume created from the maps shown in Figure 7.4-39.
Figure 7.4-40 Part 4: Selected inline sections from the rms velocity volume created from the maps shown in Figure 7.4-39.
Figure 7.4-40 Part 5: Selected inline sections from the rms velocity volume created from the maps shown in Figure 7.4-39.
Figure 7.4-41 Part 1: Selected crossline sections from the rms velocity volume created from the maps shown in Figure 7.4-39.
Figure 7.4-41 Part 2: Selected crossline sections from the rms velocity volume created from the maps shown in Figure 7.4-39.
Figure 7.4-41 Part 3: Selected crossline sections from the rms velocity volume created from the maps shown in Figure 7.4-39.
Figure 7.4-41 Part 4: Selected crossline sections from the rms velocity volume created from the maps shown in Figure 7.4-39.
The 3-D rms velocity field derived from the workflow outlined above is associated with events in their migrated positions. Compared to the 3-D DMO velocity field associated with events in their yet unmigrated positions, it is the preferred velocity field with which you would want to migrate your data using a desired 3-D post- or prestack time migration algorithm (Appendix G). If you wish to extend your analysis from time to depth domain, the 3-D rms velocity field associated with time-migrated data also is the preferred velocity field to derive a 3-D interval velocity field that can then be used to obtain an image in depth (3-D structural inversion applied to seismic data from the Northeast China).
References
- ↑ Fowler (1984), Fowler, P., 1984, Velocity-independent imaging of seismic reflectors: 54th Ann. Internat. Mtg., Soc. Expl. Geophys., Expanded Abstracts, 383–385.
See also
- 3-D prestack time migration
- 3-D DMO correction combined with 3-D common-offset migration
- Crossline migration
- Aspects of 3-D prestack time migration — a summary
External links
| find literature about 3-D migration velocity analysis |
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